Diversidad fenotípica de papas nativas en las comunidades indígenas de la etnia de los Pastos (Nariño, Colombia): Agricultura ecológica para la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo rural / Phenotypic diversity of native potatoes in indigenous communities of the Pastos ethnic group (Nariño, Colombia): Ecological agriculture for food security and rural development

Resumen En este trabajo se describe el modo de conservación in situ del sistema de producción y la diversidad fenotípica de papas nativas en los resguardos indígenas de la etnia de los Pastos. En el estudio se utilizaron dos metodologías: 1) una caracterización de los sistemas tradicionales de producción mediante investigación acción participativa en los resguardos indígenas de Males Córdoba y El Gran Cumbal y 2) una caracterización morfológica de las papas nativas mediante 26 descriptores cualitativos. Se encontró que el 16% de las familias cultivan al menos una variedad de papa nativa, distribuidas en zonas de subpáramo y páramos entre 2900 y 3500 m de altitud, en un agroecosistema de producción autóctono llamado "Shagra", con manejo tradicional de labranza mínima del suelo "Guachado" y áreas cultivadas inferiores a 600 m2. Se identificaron 38 variedades clasificadas en dos tipos, según los indígenas: chauchas y guatas, que representaron el 65 y el 35% respectivamente. Con el análisis de conglomerados se identificaron siete grupos discriminados por chauchas, guatas, lugar de procedencia y características morfológicas. Estas comunidades indígenas preservan el conocimiento ancestral y los recursos genéticos, cultivando una alta diversidad de papas nativas en asociación con cultivos andinos, lo que contribuye a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

Abstract This paper describes the in situ conservation mode of the production system and phenotypic diversity of native potatoes in the indigenous reserves of the Los Pastos ethnic group. Two methodologies were used in the study: 1) a characterization of traditional production systems through participatory action research in the indigenous reservations of Males Córdoba and El Gran Cumbal, and 2) a morphological characterization of native potatoes through 26 qualitative descriptors. We found that 16% families cultivate at least one variety of native potato, distributed in sub-páramo and páramo areas between 2,900 and 3,500 m above sea level, in an autochthonous production agroecosystem named "Shagra", with traditional minimum soil tillage management ("Guachado") and cultivated areas less than 600 m2. Thirty eight varieties were identified and classified in two types, according to the indigenous people: chauchas and guatas, representing 65 and 35%, respectively. The cluster analysis identified seven groups, discriminated by chauchas, guatas, place of origin, and morphological characteristics. These indigenous communities preserve their traditional knowledge and genetic resources by growing a diversity of native potatoes in association with other Andean crops, which contributes to food security and sovereignty.

Effects of repeated deep-frying on fatty acid profiles of potato fries and frying oils: soybean oil, canola oil and their 1:1 blend

@#Introduction: This study looked at the fatty acid composition changes in potato fries fried in three different types of oils, namely soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and a 1:1 blend of soybean oil and canola oil (SCO), throughout an intermittent frying process of 80 batches in five consecutive days. The study also examined the fatty acid composition changes in SO, CO and SCO during the frying process. Methods: Fat from potato fries (extracted by Soxtec system) and oil samples from the corresponding frying oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to examine the fatty acid profile changes during the deep-frying process. Results: Linoleic acid (LA) and a-linolenic acid (ALA) in all three oils decreased, while oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and octanoic acid (C8:0) increased. Formation of C18:1 trans fatty acid was observed as the frying time increased. The fatty acid composition of the potato fries was consistent with the fatty acid composition of the corresponding frying oils. Conclusion: Our results showed that blending soybean oil and canola oil did not significantly improve the frying stability of the resulting oil in terms of fatty acid profile. Due to the formation of trans fatty acids and the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, our study also recommends not to use the same frying oil repeatedly and not to consume food products cooked in reused oil.

Diversidad genética de papas nativas ( Solanum spp.) del distrito de Vilcashuamán, Ayacucho- Perú, mediante AFLP / Genetic diversity of native potatoes ( Solanum spp.) from Vilcashuaman district, Ayacucho- Peru, using AFLP

En este presente trabajo, la diversidad genética de 30 morfotipos de papas nativas de Vilcashuamán (Ayacucho) fue evaluada mediante la técnica de polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP). La extracción de ADN se realizó con el método de CTAB modificado, usando hojas frescas de plantas de cuatro semanas de cultivo en invernadero. Partiendo de 200 mg de tejido vegetal se logró obtener entre 300 a 500 ng/μL de ADN de buena calidad. La digestión enzimática del ADN se realizó utilizando EcoRI y MseI, y se emplearon 12 combinaciones de primers, de las cuales se eligieron las dos combinaciones más polimórficas (E13 - M49 y E38 - M49). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa NTSYs 2.10 usando el coeficiente de Simple Matching logrando obtener valores de PIC (índice de contenido polimórfico) de 0.45 y 0.40 para las combinaciones E38 - M49 y E13 - M49, respectivamente. En total se lograron identificar 68 bandas claramente diferenciables, de las cuales el 55.8% fueron bandas polimórficas. El análisis de agrupamiento según el algoritmo UPGMA originó un dendograma con un índice de correlación cofenética de r= 0.7; a un coeficiente de similitud de 0.6; se establecieron ocho grupos genéticos y a un coeficiente de 1 no se encontraron morfotipos duplicados. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el alto poder informativo del AFLP y la alta variabilidad de las papas nativas estudiadas.

In this article, using the Amplified Fragment Lenght Polymorphism (AFLP) technique, we evaluated the genetic diversity of 30 native potatoes morphotypes from Vilcashuaman, Ayacucho. DNA extraction was done with the modified CTAB method, using fresh leaves of greenhouse plants of two weeks age. From 200 mg of plant tissue, it was posible to obtain between 300 and 500 ng/μLof good quality DNA. The enzymatic digestion of the DNA was carried out using EcoRI and MseI, and 12 combinations of primers were used, from which the two most polymorphic combinations were chosen (E13 - M49 and E38 -M49). The statistical analysis was done with the NTSYs 2.10 program using the Simple Matching coefficient, obtaining values of PIC (polymorphic content index) of 0.45 and 0.40 for the combinations E38 - M49 and E13 - M49, respectively. In total, 68 clearly differentiable bands were identified, of which 55.8% were polymorphic bands. The cluster analysis according to the UPGMA algorithm originated a dendrogram with a cofenetic correlation index of r = 0.7; at a coefficient of similarity of 0.6, eight genetic groups were established and at a coefficient of 1, no duplicate morphotypes were found. The results obtained show the high informative power of the AFLP and the high variability of the native potatoes studied.

Determinação de paraquate em batatas / Determination of paraquat in potatoes

O Paraquate (1,1'-dimetil-4,4'-bipiridina- dicloreto) é herbicida amplamente utilizado em vários países para diferentes culturas. O objetivo é determinar a concentração de Paraquate em batatas comercializadas em diferentes estabelecimentos da zona leste de São Paulo. Foram coletadas 12 (doze) amostras de batatas adquiridas no comércio varejista (sacolões, ou seja, do de frutas, verduras e legumes; supermercados e feiras livres) da zona leste do município de São Paulo. A quantificação do Paraquate foi baseada na reação de complexação com o ditionito de sódio, gerando composto de cor azulada, cuja absorvância foi lida em espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 600nm. Foi construída a curva padrão e a determinada a equação da reta (y = 1,6448x e R2= 0,9945). O limite de tolerância do herbicida em alimentos é de 0,2 partes por milhão ou 0,2 mg/kg, enquanto que a ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) é de 0,004 mg/kg de peso corpóreo. Assim, pode-se observar que os valores encontrados em três amostras estão acima do limite máximo permitido, enquanto quatro apresentaram concentrações muito próximas ao limite. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe a necessidade de intensificação na fiscalização nos locais de comercialização de alimentos produzidos com a utilização de agrotóxicos.(AU)

Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'- bipyridine-dichloride) is herbicide widely used in several countries in different plantations. The objective is to determine the concentration of Paraquat in potatoes, marketed in different establishments in the eastern zone of São Paulo. Twelve (12) samples of potatoes purchased from the retail trade ("sacolões", ie fruit, vegetable and vegetable markets, supermarkets and free markets) were collected from the eastern part of the city of São Paulo. The quantification of Paraquat was based on the reaction of complexation with the sodium dithionite, generating compound of blue color, whose absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at wavelength of 600 nm. The standard curve was constructed and the equation of the line was determined (y = 1,6448x e R2 = 0,9945). The tolerance limit of the herbicide in foods is 0.2 parts per million or 0.2 mg/kg, while the acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 0.004 mg/kg body weight. Thus, it can be observed that the values found in three samples are above the maximum allowed limit, while four of them presented concentrations very close to the limit. The results allow inferring that there is a need for intensification in the inspection in the commercial places of food produced with the use of pesticides.

Propuesta de ejercicios interactivos para la autoevaluación del aprendizaje en la asignatura Medicina General Integral / A proposal of interactive exercises for the self-assessment of learning in the subject Comprehensive General Medicine

Antecedentes: en los exámenes teóricos realizados en Medicina es frecuente la utilización de las preguntas de ensayo, y en menor medida, las empleadas en el instrumento de evaluación teórico estatal, las que exigen del entrenamiento previo del estudiante, aún insuficiente. Métodos: en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, de enero a junio del 2012, se realizó un estudio para diseñar un sistema de ejercicios interactivos para la autoevaluación de los contenidos de la asignatura Medicina General Integral de sexto año. Resultados: la metodología utilizada permitió el conocimiento sobre el estado de la problemática planteada, por lo que se confeccionaron ejercicios con el programa Hot Potatoes versión 5, a partir del diseño de diferentes preguntas teniendo en cuenta los objetivos de la asignatura. El material cuenta con 29 ejercicios. Conclusiones: con el sistema de ejercicios el estudiante puede construir su aprendizaje mediante el esfuerzo y su implicación activa en el proceso, y entrenarse en los diferentes tipos de preguntas que se emplean en el instrumento de evaluación teórica estatal.

Background: the theoretical examinations conducted in medicine undergraduate studies often include the use of essay questions, and to a lesser extent, of those used in the state theoretical assessment instrument, requiring the student's previous training, which is still insufficient. Methods: a study was conducted at the Medical University of Villa Clara, from January to June 2012, in order to design a system of interactive exercises for the self-assessment of the contents in the subject Comprehensive General Medicine, in sixth year. Results: the methodology used allowed the understanding of the problem studied; thus, exercises were devised with the program Hot Potatoes, version 5, through the design of different questions taking into account the objectives of the subject. The material has 29 exercises. Conclusions: with the system of exercises, the students can build their learning through their effort and active involvement in the process, training themselves in the different types of questions used in the state theoretical assessment instrument.

Daily intake of hexachlorobenzene with food, oral exposure and health risk / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background. Persistent organic pollutants include pesticides such as aldrin,dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans. Hexachlorobenzene has been used on timber and unnatural rubber. It has also been used for the preparation of paints and ammunition. HCB is a fungicide for cereals, onion and wheat, and also a byproducts of the pesticide manufacturing process. During the past four decades, great concern and considerable attention have been given to the toxic effects of the hexachlorobenzene that eliminated or restricted the production, use, import and export by the Stockholm convention. The aim of this work is to estimate a dietary intake of hexachlorobenzene with some food by a general population in Mongolia. Goal: The goal of this study is to estimate a dietary intake of hexachlorobenzene with some food by a general population in Mongolia which eliminated or restricted the production, use, import and export in the worldwide by the Stockholm Convention and to assess an oral exposure and health risk. Objectives: 1. To determine concentrations residue of hexachlorobenzene in vegetables, fruits and in rice. 2. To estimate a dietary intake of hexachlorobenzene with some vegetables, fruits and rice by a general population in Mongolia 3. To estimate the oral Reference Dose of hexachlorobenzene as units of mg/kg-day in body weight. Results: Total quantity of fungicides imported to Mongolia in 2007 was about 4.087 l. Residue of hexaclorobenzene was detected in potatoes, vegetables ranging from 0.12 to 0.16 mg/kg, in fruits 0.66 mg/kg, and in rice 0.25-mg/kg. The intake of HCBz in men was estimated at about 0.17806 mg, and in women 0.05791 mg, respectively. The oral Reference Dose of HCBz was estimated 0.0026 mg in per kilogram of body weight in Mongolian men and 0.00094 mg in per kilogram of body weight in Mongolian women per day. The intake of HCBz were estimated about at 0.17196 mg in children aged 1-3 years, 0.13954 mg in children aged 4-6 years, 0.18596 mg in children aged 7-10 years, and 0.18596 mg in children of aged 11-14 years. The oral reference Dose of HCBz was estimated about at 0.17196 mg in per kilogram of the body weight of children aged 1-3 years and 0.13954 mg in per kilogram of the body weight of children aged 4-6. Also the oral reference dose of HCBz were estimated 0.13954 mg in per kilogram of the body weight of children aged 7-10 years while 0.18596 mg in per kilogram of the body of children aged 11-14 years per day. Conclusions: 1. Hexachlorobenzene is being imported to Mongolia which eliminated or restricted the production, use, import and export. 2. Potatoes, vegetables, fruit and rice were contained residues of hexachlorobenzene. 3. The oral reference Dose of HCB was reached to liver effects dose in 0.0008 mg/kg day.

Quantificação de micronutrientes em vegetais submetidos a diferentes métodos de cocção para doente renal crônico / Measurement of micronutrients in vegetables submitted to different methods of cooking for patient with chronic kidney disease

Introdução: Métodos de cocção adequados são importantes para a boa nutrição do paciente com Doença Renal Crônica (DRC). Objetivos: Quantificar Na, K e P em vegetais para indicar aos pacientes com DRC. Métodos: Foram quantificados o teor de sódio, potássio e fósforo da cenoura e batata inglesa, submetidos a quatro métodos de cocção: em água, a vapor, por irradiação em forno de micro-ondas e desidratação. Resultados: Para a cenoura, as maiores reduções de Na (37,0%) e K (33,7%) foram obtidas por cocção em água, e de P (18,3%), a vapor. Na batata, houve diminuição de P (55,1%) e K (33,8%), por cocção em água e um acréscimo de Na, após todos os processos. Conclusão: Os métodos de preparo desses alimentos, mais indicados ao portador de DRC foram cocção em água e a vácuo, devendo ser evitado o de desidratação.

Introduction: Appropriate cooking methods are important for the good nutrition of the patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Objective: To quantify Na, K and P in vegetables for indicate to the patients with CKD. Method: We quantified the content of sodium, potassium and phosphorus of the carrot and English potato submitted to four approaches of cooking: in water, by steam, by irradiation in a microwave oven and dehydration. Results: For the carrot, the highest reduction of Na (37.0%) and K (33.7%) were obtained by boiling in water, and of P (18.3%) by steam. In potato, there was a decrease of P (55.1%) and of K (33.8%) by cooking in water and an addition of Na, after all processes. Conclusion: The most indicated methods of preparing these foods for patients with CKD were cooking it in water and in vaccum, should be avoided dehydration.

Manejo da adubação nitrogenada paraa batata-doce: fontes e parcelamento de aplicação / Management of nitrogen fertilization for sweet potato: sources and application parceling

Com o objetivo de avaliar o rendimento da batata-doce [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], cultivar Rainha Branca, submetida a fontes e parcelamentos da aplicação de 80 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, instalou-se um experimento, no período de abril a agosto de 2007, na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, em Areia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, com duas fontes de nitrogênio (uréia e sulfato de amônio) e oito de épocas parcelamentos da aplicação (100 por cento no plantio; 100 por cento aos 30 dias após o plantio (DAP); 100 por cento aos 60 DAP; 50 por cento no plantio e 50 por cento aos 30 DAP; 50 por cento no plantio e 50 por cento aos 60 DAP; 50 por cento aos 30 e 50 por cento aos 60 DAP; 33 por cento no plantio, 33 por cento aos 30 e 33 por cento aos 60 DAP), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o peso médio de raízes comerciais, a produção e o número de raízes comerciais por planta e as produtividades total e comercial de raízes de batatadoce. O maior peso médio de raízes comerciais (294 g) foi obtido com o parcelamento do N, como uréia, 50 por cento no plantio e 50 por cento aos 30 DAP. O parcelamento de N 33 por cento no plantio, 33 por cento aos 30 DAP e 33 por cento aos 60 DAP na forma sulfato de amônio foi responsável pela maior produção de raízes comerciais por planta (337 g). Para o número de raízes comercias e as produtividades total e comercial, o N na forma de sulfato de amônio parcelado 33 por cento no plantio, 33 por cento aos 30 DAP e 33 por cento aos 60 DAP proporcionou os maiores valores, 1,50 raízes, 30,5 e 28,4 t ha-1, respectivamente.

For the purpose of evaluating the yield of the sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], variety "Rainha Branca", subjected to sources and parceling of nitrogen, an experiment was carried out in soil classified as typical "Inceptisol Regolítico Psamítico" at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia county, from April to August 2007. The experimental design used was one of randomized blocks, with a factorial scheme of 2 x 7, using two sources of nitrogen fertilizer (urea and ammonium sulfate) and eight application times (100 percent at planting; 100 percent at 30 days after planting (DAP); 100 percent at 60 DAP; 50 percent at planting and 50 percent at 30 DAP; 50 percent at planting and 50 percent at 60 DAP; 50 percent at 30 and 50 percent at 60 DAP; and 33 percent at planting, 33 percent at 30 and 33 percent at 60 DAP), with four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: average weight of the commercial roots plan t-1, the total, commercial, and noncommercial productivities of sweet potato roots. The highest average weight of the commercial roots was obtained with urea in parceling 50 percent at planting and 50 percent at 30 DAP, (293.75 g).. Parceling 33 percent at planting, 33 percent at 30, and 33 percent at 60 DAP were responsible for the highest yield of commercial roots per plant. The lowest yield of commercial roots per plant was obtained in the same source with parceling 50 percent at 30 and 50 percent at 60 DAP (26.48 g). For the number of commercial roots, total and commercial productivities, ammonium sulfate parceled 33 percent at planting, 33 percent at 30, and 33 percent at 60 DAP provided the highest values (1.50 roots, 30. and 28.4 t ha-1, respectively.

IgE sensitization to the potato allergen in adult allergy patients and identification of IgE binding components: comparison between the wild and genetically modified potato / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of IgE sensitization and allergic risk of genetically modified (GM) potato compared with wild one in adult patients with various allergic diseases. METHODS: One thousand eight hundred eighty eight allergy patients visited Ajou University hospital and 38 healthy controls were enrolled. Skin prick tests were performed with wild and GM extracts. Phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) gene was inserted in GM potato. Serum specific IgE level to the two potato extracts was measured by ELISA and their binding specificities were confirmed by ELISA inhibition test. IgE binding components in both wild and GM potato extracts were identified by SDS-PAGE and IgE-immunoblot. RESULTS: One hundred eight patients (5.7%) showed positive responses (A/H >or= 2+) on skin prick test to both wild and GM potatoes. Serum specific IgE was detectable in 50~88% among the positive reactors on skin prick test. ELISA inhibition tests showed similar inhibition pattern between wild and GM. Fourteen IgE binding components within wild potato and nine IgE binding components within GM potato with similar binding patterns, of which three major allergens in wild (26, 34, 45 kDa) and one (45 kDa) in GM one were noted.. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitization rates to wild and GM potato extracts were 5.7% respectively, in adult allergy patients and one common major allergen (45 kDa) was identified. It is speculated that genetic manipulation of the potato did not increase allergenic risk.